N-Acetyl Glucosamine known as NAG is gaining popularity as a naturally occurring compound due to its potent health benefits.
This derivative of glucose contributes significantly towards adequate physiological functioning within our bodies. It is commonly present in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, shellfish shells along with fungi cell walls.
In this article, we will explore every aspect related to N-acetyl glucosamine that includes its definition mechanism of action and its potential benefits as well as side effects while focusing on the recommended dosage guidelines.
Along with that, we will also compare N-acetyl glucosamine to other typical glucosamine available along with discussing clinical trials and research studies conducted on it with information about dietary sources and supplement considerations available.
What is N-Acetyl Glucosamine?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG), is nature's gift as a naturally occurring amino sugar obtained from glucose with identical chemical composition linked by acetylation to glucosamine’s amino group. Can be largely found within the cell walls of fungi or crustacean exoskeletons [1].
NAG is often considered a precursor to hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, two essential substances in joint health.
Hyaluronic acid contributes to the lubrication and shock absorption properties of synovial fluid, while chondroitin sulfate helps maintain the structural integrity of cartilage.
Additionally, NAG provides potent antimicrobial properties targeting antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral protection capabilities to regulate infections within our immune system at an optimal level [2].
How N-Acetyl Glucosamine Works
Precursor to Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
N-Acetyl Glucosamine provides foundational blocks for building GAGs that make up essential structural elements within joints and other connective tissues.
With its pivotal contribution to synthesis processes, NAG plays a critical role in bolstering joint integrity [1].
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Evidence supports the anti-inflammatory potential of NAG. One major way it does so is by impeding the production of harmful interleukin factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α that cause inflammation in our system.
Furthermore, research also suggests that it modulates NF-kappa B activity which aids in curbing inflammatory responses effectively [3].
Immune System Modulation
Through its interactions with macrophages and lymphocytes, scientists have shown that NAG appears to help maintain balance within our immune system.
It has also been found to play a role when it comes to influencing cytokine production and other signaling processes that contribute to proper immunological function [4].
Antimicrobial Activity
Inhibition of selected bacteria, viruses, and fungi is achievable due to the antimicrobial nature of NAG. It excels at stalling the growth and reproduction of these harmful agents by disabling their cell walls or metabolic pathways [2].
Uses of N-Acetyl Glucosamine
Studies suggest it has ability to reduce pain symptoms while improving joint functionality in osteoarthritis. Through supporting cartilage creation and repressing inflammatory pathways, NAG delays its progression [5]
There are possible advantages of utilizing NAG in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis also gut barrier function improvement/re-regulating immune responses within the digestive system [6]
It was also discovered that psoriasis or atopic dermatitis can potentially be relieved via utilization of NAG [7].
Finally, wound healing could see improvements thanks to this glycoprotein’s ability to accelerate new blood vessel creation - stimulating skin cell proliferation rates - enhancing extracellular matrix components synthesis capabilities [8]
Health Benefits of N-Acetyl Glucosamine
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) offers several health benefits due to its diverse physiological actions. Here are some key areas where NAG has shown potential:
Joint Health
Research highlight an association between utilizing supplements with NAG content and improved articulation capabilities alongside minimized discomfort and halted cartilage decline.
NAG achieves this by stimulating synthesis relating to essential components such as hyaluronic acid/chondroitin sulfate, crucial for supporting proper joint functioning [5].
Immune System Modulation
What has been discovered so far points towards how it can regulate cytokine levels and change the inner workings of immune pathways to achieve homeostasis.
Keeping a balanced immunity response remains essential, especially for individuals living with conditions associated with their immune system [9].
Gut Health
This amino sugar appears capable of reducing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract while promoting regeneration of mucosal tissues.
Furthermore, recent assessments explore how precisely this critical molecule enables enhanced gut barrier function by serving to fortify integumental protection over time with consistent use [6, 10]
Skin Health
Regular supplementation with NAG has shown to effectively enhance the quality of our skins' moisture content by minimizing water loss across the epidermis layer while addressing several dermatological issues like psoriasis or atopic dermatitis with impressive results [11].
Possible Side Effects of N-Acetyl Glucosamine
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) is generally considered safe for consumption, and adverse effects are rare. However, it is important to be aware of potential side effects that may occur in some individuals. Here are some possible side effects associated with NAG [12]:
Gastrointestinal Issues
It is worth noting that when taking NAG supplements some individuals could potentially experience digestive issues such as bloating, gas and diarrhea which are generally short-lived and not too severe.
However, in case they become concerning in any way possible professional consultation would be advisable at this point.
Allergic Reactions
It is important to note that in very rare cases - allergy indications such as swelling on the face or body; itchiness of the skin accompanied by respiratory problems like shortness of breath must be followed urgently by discontinuing usage and promptly seeking out medical advice.
Interactions and Contraindications of N-Acetyl Glucosamine
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) supplements are generally well-tolerated. However, it is important to be aware of potential interactions and contraindications. Here are some considerations:
Blood-Thinning Medications
NAG may exhibit a mild anticoagulant characteristic, if you're currently on blood-thinning drugs like aspirin and warfarin, seeking guidance from your healthcare provider before attempting to use NAG supplements [13]
Diabetes Medications
For people living with diabetes who take medicine for their high blood sugar, using caution when supplementing with NAG is key since it can have an impact on glucose levels.
Customizing dosage and tracking the changes in one's glucose level becomes crucial when combining diabetes medication and supplementation with NAG [14].
Shellfish Allergy
Keep in mind that if you have a Shellfish allergy, you should avoid using it altogether. Alternative syntheticversions exist - meaning vegans and vegetarians now have more choices for a broader range of nutritional supplements [15].
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
There is currently a lack of concrete evidence regarding the safety of taking N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) supplements while pregnant or breastfeeding.
As a result, we encourage expectant or lactating mothers to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before using any form of NAG [16].
N-Acetyl Glucosamine vs. Other Glucosamines
Glucosamine Sulfate
While both offer similar benefits, this methylated glucosamine, sourced primarily from shellfish shells has an overwhelming volume of published research vouching for its potential benefits.
Comparatively newly discovered N-Acetyl Glucosamaine (NAG) fairs well too but lacks sufficient direct evidence [17].
Glucosamine Hydrochloride
Sourced from various types of sea creatures or synthesized in a laboratory setting, this composition too seems highly beneficial for promoting optimal joint function and mobility overall; yet much remains unclear about how exactly it relates to NAG's effects seeing as not much comparative research has been conducted yet on both substances combined [18]
N-Acetyl Glucosamine Clinical Trials and Research
Early Investigations
Studies delving into the scientific aspects of NAG originally stemmed from broader explorations into glucosamine. Research on this compound and its correlation with joint health started with a focus on osteoarthritis patients.
With early experiments, researchers aimed to uncover how NAG acted on these subjects while also evaluating its effectiveness through animal and preclinical testing.
Clinical Trials
Clinical studies aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of using NAG supplements in humans started to emerge.
With a desire to shed light on both its safety and quality concerning tolerance levels while assessing its potential as a therapy option for specific conditions like osteoarthritis, gut and skin problems, researchers executed the use of randomized control protocols for their experiments.
Mechanistic Studies
With the aim of understanding how NAG exerts its possible therapeutic advantages, numerous mechanistic studies were undertaken.
Investigating its interaction with key cellular procedures including cartilage synthesis, immune modulation and inflammation pathways gave researchers valuable insights into the mechanisms behind NAG's effects.
Continued Research
Researchers have been increasingly drawn to exploring ways that they can use NAG.
This led them to venture into previously unexplored areas such as wound healing or skin health enhancement while leveraging the molecule's immunomodulatory effects across various contexts.
Ongoing research is constantly unearthing new information about this therapeutics potentials.
Recommended Dosage of N-Acetyl Glucosamine
Joint Health: For supporting joint health and managing symptoms of osteoarthritis, a commonly suggested dosage range is 1,500 to 3,000 mg of NAG per day. This dosage can be divided into multiple doses throughout the day for better absorption and sustained effects.
Gut Health: In the context of gut health, such as in inflammatory bowel diseases, recommended dosages of NAG can vary.
Ulcerative Colitis: In a clinical trial investigating NAG for the management of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis, a dosage of 1,500 mg of NAG per day was administered orally. This dosage was found to be effective in improving clinical signs and reducing inflammation [10].
Crohn's Disease: For Crohn's disease, specific dosage recommendations for NAG are less well-established.
Skin Health: For issues associated with hyperpigmentation within the realm of skincare, utilizing formulations that incorporate a concentration of 2% NAG can deter melanin production and aid in restoring a uniform complexion.
For those requiring additional customized care concerning wrinkles, hydration levels or targeting accelerated brightening results, higher amounts of NAG (up to concentrations such as 5%) may prove beneficial [19].
Sources of N-Acetyl Glucosamine
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) can be obtained from various natural sources as well as through commercial supplements [20]. Here are some common sources of NAG:
Shellfish: NAG is naturally found in the shells of crustaceans, such as shrimp, crab, and lobster. Shellfish-derived NAG is often used as a source of this compound in dietary supplements and skincare products.
Fungi: Certain fungi, including Aspergillus species and Candida species, can produce NAG. Fungal fermentation processes are utilized to extract NAG from these sources for commercial use.
Chitin: Chitin, a polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of insects and the cell walls of fungi, is a natural source of NAG. Chitin can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to obtain NAG for various applications
What to Look for in N-Acetyl Glucosamine Supplements
Purity and Quality: Opt for NAG supplements that are manufactured by reputable companies and adhere to good manufacturing practices (GMP). Look for products that undergo third-party testing to verify purity and quality standards.
Ingredient Transparency: Check the supplement label for a clear and comprehensive list of ingredients. Ensure that N-Acetyl Glucosamine is listed as the primary ingredient and that other additives or fillers are minimal.
Dosage and Potency: Determine the concentration of NAG per serving or capsule. Consider the recommended dosage range for your specific needs and select a supplement that provides an appropriate dose within that range.
Consumer Reviews and Reputation: Read reviews and seek recommendations from reputable sources or healthcare professionals to gauge the experiences and satisfaction of other users.
Similar Supplements to N-Acetyl Glucosamine
While N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) offers unique benefits, there are several other supplements that may share some similarities or overlap in their potential uses. Besides Glucosamine Sulfate and Hydrochloride of the same family, you could also consider:
Chondroitin Sulfate: It is a natural component of cartilage and is believed to help maintain joint structure and function
Hyaluronic Acid: Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring substance in the body and is known for its role in joint lubrication and skin hydration.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the other name for N-Acetyl Glucosamine?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine is sometimes referred to as NAG or GlcNAc.
Is N-Acetyl Glucosamine the same as glucosamine?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) and glucosamine are related compounds but have some differences. NAG is an acetylated form of glucosamine.
While they share some similar properties and potential benefits, their mechanisms of action and specific effects may vary.
Is N-Acetyl Glucosamine anti-inflammatory?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) is believed to have potential anti-inflammatory properties due to its involvement in modulating immune responses and inhibiting certain inflammatory pathways.
However, further research is needed to fully understand and establish its anti-inflammatory effects.
Is hair loss a side effect of glucosamine?
There is currently no scientific evidence to suggest that glucosamine, including N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG), causes hair loss. Hair loss can be influenced by various factors, such as genetics, hormonal changes, and medical conditions.
What is N-Acetyl Glucosamine found in?
N-Acetyl Glucosamine can be found naturally in sources such as the shells of crustaceans (e.g., shrimp, crab, lobster), certain fungi, and animal tissues (e.g., chicken cartilage, bovine trachea).
It is also available as a dietary supplement and an ingredient in topical skincare products.
Conclusion
The benefits of N-Acetyl Glucosamine on skin health, immune system modulation and joint function can be attributed to its capability to stimulate essential processes in the body.
To make sure that the recommended dose of this compound works appropriately without hindering ongoing treatments or impacting any underlying medical conditions, it's important that you talk to your physician beforehand.
Supplements lacking precisely set thresholds might harm overall well-being if they have contaminants or are not pure forms. Due diligence must be done while purchasing them so that the full potential benefits of N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG) can be achieved.
References
1. N-Acetylglucosamine: Production and Applications. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953398/
2. N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine Acts as Adjuvant that Re-Sensitizes Starvation-Induced Antibiotic-Tolerant Population of E. Coli to β-Lactam. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7662850/
3. N-Acetylglucosamine Prevents IL-1 -Mediated Activation of Human Chondrocytes. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12042802_N-Acetylglucosamine_Prevents_IL-1_-Mediated_Activation_of_Human_Chondrocytes
4. Conditions Inducing Excessive O-GlcNAcylation Inhibit BMP2-Induced Osteogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Cells. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5796151/
5. Glucosamine-containing supplement improves locomotor functions in subjects with knee pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631410/
6. N-Acetylglucosamine for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Retrieved from https://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/n-acetylglucosamine-treatment-inflammatory-bowel-disease
7. Glucosamine: an ingredient with skin and other benefits. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17716251/
8. Effects of poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (pGlcNAc) patch on wound healing in db/db mouse. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18332827/
9. N-Acetylglucosamine Inhibits T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 17 (Th17) Cell Responses and Treats Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Retrieved from https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(20)50511-5/fulltext
10. A pilot study of N-acetyl glucosamine, a nutritional substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, in paediatric chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11121904/
11. Effect of different concentrations of collagen, ceramides, N-acetyl glucosamine, or their mixture on enhancing the proliferation of keratinocytes, fibroblasts and the secretion of collagen. Retrieved from https://www.jfda-online.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2383&context=journal
12. Effect of N-acetylglucosamine administration on cartilage metabolism and safety in healthy subjects without symptoms of arthritis: A case report. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377572/
13. Pharmacokinetics of glucosamine in the dog and in man. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3718596/
14. The effect of glucosamine-chondroitin supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12860582/
15. Development and Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using a Nonpoisonous Extraction System for the Determination of Crustacean Protein. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29187265/
16. Glucosamine use in pregnancy: an evaluation of pregnancy outcome. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17439379/
17. Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11214126/
18. Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10732937/
19. The effect of N-acetyl-glucosamine on stratum corneum desquamation and water content in human skin. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19691938/
20. Microbial production of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine: advances and perspectives. Retrieved from https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/597740
